Key Information on the India-Pakistan Ceasefire

Core Elements of the Ceasefire Agreement

1. ‌Official Confirmation of Ceasefire‌

   • Indian Foreign Secretary ‌Tang Yongsheng‌ and Pakistani Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister ‌Dal‌ jointly announced on ‌May 10, 2025‌, that both sides agreed to an immediate cessation of all land, sea, and air hostilities, effective from ‌17:00 IST‌.
   • The agreement involved direct communication between military leaderships, with Pakistan’s military chief initiating contact with their Indian counterpart.

2. ‌International Mediation‌

   • U.S. President Donald Trump claimed on social media that the ceasefire was “brokered through prolonged U.S.-led negotiations,” though neither India nor Pakistan officially acknowledged this as of May .

Context and Underlying Motivations

• ‌Recent Escalation‌: Between early May 2025, India and Pakistan engaged in ‌7 consecutive days‌ of cross-border clashes along the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir. India accused Pakistan of “ceasefire violations,” with fighter jets on standby.
• ‌Balancing Pressures‌:
  • ‌Nuclear Deterrence Risks‌: Tactical nuclear weapons were deployed within ‌80 km‌ of the frontline, with both sides demonstrating strike capabilities8.
  • ‌International Mediation‌: Major powers, including China, the U.S., and Russia, pressured both nations to avoid escalation8.
  • ‌Domestic Crises‌: India faced slowing economic growth (2024 GDP: 5.2%), while Pakistan struggled with ‌23% inflation‌, raising risks of civil unrest.

Ongoing Challenges

• Despite the ceasefire, over ‌300,000 troops‌ remain deployed in Kashmir, and tactical nuclear weapons have not been withdrawn, leaving risks of localized clashes8.
• Historical precedents warn of fragility: The ‌1971 Simla Agreement‌ collapsed after India unilaterally designated Kashmir as a state, perpetuating disputes.

While the ceasefire eases tensions, unresolved core issues mean long-term peace remains uncertain.